Accident_Causes_and_Preventions.pdfVIP专享VIP免费原创优质

AccidentCausesandPreventionsSafetyControlDivisionOccupationalSafetyandHealthCenterGlobalOSHData:ILOReportEveryyear,337millionworkersfallvictimsofoccupationalaccidentsanddiseases•work-relatedaccidentsanddiseasescause>4daysabsence•2.3millionmenandwomenworkersdieofwork-relatedaccidentsanddiseaseseachyear•360,000fatalaccidents•1.95MfataldiseasesSource:ILOSafework-IntroductoryReport-2008•Ofthe360,000fatalities–around17%(or1inevery6)arefromtheconstructionindustryThismeansthat:Atleast60,000fatalitiesoccuratconstructionsites,aroundtheworld,everyyear•1fatalaccidentoccursevery10minutesCommonReasonsforAccidentsLayman’sversion:‘Orasnaniya’‘Malasniyalang’‘Tangakasi’‘Kasamasatrabaho’NOTREALCAUSES---ONLYEXCUSES!AccidentAccidentisaneventthatisunexpected,unplannedandunwantedthatresultsinharmtopeople,causedamageorlosstoproperties.OSHCStudy(1998)FactorsThatContributetotheOccurrenceofAccidentsintheConstructionIndustryTypeofProjectTypeofAccidentInjuredPartoftheBodyTypeofTradeMonthofOccurrenceTimeofAccidentAccidentTheoryPeopleEnvironmentMaterialsEquipmentPrimaryCausesofAccidentsUnsafeActUnsafeConditionThehumanactionthatdepartsfromastandardjobprocedureorsafepractice,safetyregulationsorinstructions.UnsafeActUnsafeActsOperatingEquipmentwithoutAuthorityDisregardofSOPorinstructionsRemovingSafetyDevicesUsingDefectiveequipmentUsingimproperPPEsorUsingPPEsimproperlyHorseplayWorkinginanunsafepostureAbsent-mindedness/NervousnessWillfulintenttoinjureWorkingwhileundertheinfluenceofalcoholordrugsImproperliftingandcarryingLackofknowledgeorskillsFailuretounderstandinstructionsUnsafeConditionThephysicalorchemicalpropertyofamaterial,machineortheenvironmentwhichcouldresultininjurytoaperson,damageordestructiontopropertyorotherformsoflosses.UnsafeConditionsWetslipperyfloorsUnstablestackingofmaterialsProtrudingre-barsLiveconductorswithoutinsulationEquipmentwithoutmachineguardingPoorstorageofcombustiblematerialsRequiresthepromotionofsafebehavioursandmaintenanceofasafeworkingenvironment.ControllingUnsafeActsReward:FinancialbonusPromotionExtraresponsibilityIncentiveschemesActiveEncouragementofInvolvementin:DecisionsonConsultationRiskAssessmentsSafeSystemsofWorkProvisionof:TrainingGoodWorkingEnvironmentWelfareFacilitiesExplanationofUltimateConsequencesConsistent/ControlledDisciplineLastlineofdefenseEngineeringControl:Elimination/Substitution/MinimizationIsolation/EnclosureoftheHazardPersonalProtectiveEquipmentAdministrativeControl:Safeworkpractices,Signsandsignage,Trainingandeducation,SystemstoControlUnsafeConditionsHazardControlThefirstconsiderationforcontrollinghazardsistoeliminatethehazardorsubstitutealesshazardousmaterialorprocess.PerforminggoodhousekeepingwilleliminateslipandtrippinghazardsAnexampleofsubstitutionmethodisutilizingawater-basedpaintratherthanasolvent-basedpaint.Thiscontrolmeasureminimizesflammablevaporsaswellaseliminateshealthconcernsassociatedwithsolvent-basedpaints.Ifhazardscannotbeeliminated,then:EnclosedHazardEnclosureofthehazard,suchasenclosuresfornoisyequipment.IsolateHazardIsolationofthehazardwithinterlocks,machineguarding,weldingcurtains,andothermechanisms.Remove/RedirectHazardRemovalorredirectionofthehazardsuchaswithlocalandexhaustventilation.RedesignWorkplaceRedesignofworkstationtominimizeergonomicinjuries.Examplesofadministrativecontrolsinclude:LimitingtimeexposuretohazardsProvisionsofsafetysignageProvisionsofwrittensafeoperatingproceduresConductofjobhazardanalysis,andCreationandimplementationofsafetyandhealthrulesforemployees.IfengineeringcontrolsarenotfeasiblethenconsiderimplementingadministrativecontrolsPersonalProtectiveEquipmentasLastLineofDefenseinControlMeasuresPPEisacceptableasacontrolmethodinthefollowingsituations:EngineeringcontrolsdonoteliminatehazardWhileengineeringcontrolsarebeingdevelopedAdministrativecontrolsandsafeworkpracticesarenotsufficientprotection,andDuringemergencies.PersonnelProtectiveEquipmentPersonnelprotectiveequipment(PPE)maybebroadlydividedasfollows:HeadProtectionHearingprotection.Respiratoryprotection.Eyeandfaceprotection.Handprotection.Footprotection.Protectiveclothing.PPEdoesnothingtostopthehazardatsource,butsimplyservesasabarrierprotectiontoreducetheseverityofthepotentialaccident.