Chapter5-MentalHealthWORKANDMENTALHEALTHIreneL.D.HoutmanandMichielA.J.KompierThischapterprovidesanoverviewofmajortypesofmentalhealthdisorderthatcanbeassociatedwithwork-moodandaffectivedisorders(e.g.,dissatisfaction),burnout,post-traumaticstressdisorder(PTSD),psychoses,cognitivedisordersandsubstanceabuse.Theclinicalpicture,availableassessmenttechniques,aetiologicalagentsandfactors,andspecificpreventionandmanagementmeasureswillbeprovided.Therelationshipwithwork,occupationorbranchofindustrywillbeillustratedanddiscussedwherepossible.Thisintroductoryarticlefirstwillprovideageneralperspectiveonoccupationalmentalhealthitself.Theconceptofmentalhealthwillbeelaboratedupon,andamodelwillbepresented.Next,wewilldiscusswhyattentionshouldbepaidtomental(ill)healthandwhichoccupationalgroupsareatgreatestrisk.Finally,wewillpresentageneralinterventionframeworkforsuccessfullymanagingwork-relatedmentalhealthproblems.WhatIsMentalHealth:AConceptualModelTherearemanydifferentviewsaboutthecomponentsandprocessesofmentalhealth.Theconceptisheavilyvalueladen,andonedefinitionisunlikelytobeagreedupon.Likethestronglyassociatedconceptof"stress",mentalhealthisconceptualizedas:·astate-forexample,astateoftotalpsychologicalandsocialwell-beingofanindividualinagivensocioculturalenvironment,indicativeofpositivemoodsandaffects(e.g.,pleasure,satisfactionandcomfort)ornegativeones(e.g.,anxiety,depressivemoodanddissatisfaction).·aprocessindicativeofcopingbehaviour-forexample,strivingforindependence,beingautonomous(whicharekeyaspectsofmentalhealth).·theoutcomeofaprocess-achronicconditionresultingeitherfromanacute,intenseconfrontationwithastressor,suchasisthecaseinapost-traumaticstressdisorder,orfromthecontinuingpresenceofastressorwhichmaynotnecessarilybeintense.Thisisthecaseinburnout,aswellasinpsychoses,majordepressivedisorders,cognitivedisordersandsubstanceabuse.Cognitivedisordersandsubstanceabuseare,however,oftenconsideredasneurologicalproblems,sincepathophysiologicalprocesses(e.g.,degenerationofthemyelinsheath)resultingfromineffectivecopingorfromthestressoritself(alcoholuseoroccupationalexpositiontosolvents,respectively)canunderliethesechronicconditions.Mentalhealthmayalsobeassociatedwith:·Personcharacteristicslike"copingstyles"-competence(includingeffectivecoping,environmentalmasteryandself-efficacy)andaspirationarecharacteristicofamentallyhealthyperson,whoshowsinterestintheenvironment,engagesinmotivationalactivityandseekstoextendhim-orherselfinwaysthatarepersonallysignificant.Thus,mentalhealthisconceptualizednotonlyasaprocessoroutcomevariable,butalsoasanindependentvariable-thatis,asapersonalcharacteristicthatinfluencesourbehaviour.Infigure5.1amentalhealthmodelispresented.Mentalhealthisdeterminedbyenvironmentalcharacteristics,bothinandoutsidetheworksituation,andbycharacteristicsoftheindividual.Majorenvironmentaljobcharacteristicsareelaborateduponinthechapter"Psychosocialandorganizationalfactors",butsomepointsontheseenvironmentalprecursorsofmental(ill)healthhavetobemadehereaswell.Figure5.1AmodelformentalhealthTherearemanymodels,mostofthemstemmingfromthefieldofworkandorganizationalpsychology,thatidentifyprecursorsofmentalillhealth.Theseprecursorsareoftenlabelled"stressors".Thosemodelsdifferintheirscopeand,relatedtothis,inthenumberofstressordimensionsidentified.AnexampleofarelativelysimplemodelisthatofKarasek(Kar...
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