UNCLASSIFIEDDefenseTechnicalInformationCenterCompilationPartNoticeADPO10445TITLE:SafetyCulture-TheoryandPracticeDISTRIBUTION:Approvedforpublicrelease,distributionunlimitedThispaperispartofthefollowingreport:TITLE:TheHumanFactorinSystemReliabilityIsHumanPerformancePredictable?[lesFacteurshumainsetlafiabilitedessystemes-Lesperformanceshumaines,sont-ellesprevisibles?]Toorderthecompletecompilationreport,use:ADA388027Thecomponentpartisprovidedheretoallowusersaccesstoindividuallyauthoredsectionsfproceedings,annals,symposia,ect.However,thecomponentshouldbeconsideredwithinhecontextoftheoverallcompilationreportandnotasastand-alonetechnicalreport.Thefollowingcomponentpartnumberscomprisethecompilationreport:ADP010439thruADP010446UNCLASSIFIED8-1SafetyCulture-TheoryandPracticePatrickHudsonCentreforSafetyScienceUniversiteitLeidenP.O.Box95552300RBLeidenTheNetherlandsHudsonfsw.LeidenUniv.nlAbstractSafetyCultureisseenasawayofensuringhighlevelsofsafetyperformanceinorganisations,incontrasttothesystematicengineeredmanagementofhazardsandeffects.Thispaperexaminesthenotionofasafetycultureintermsofthecharacteristicsofbeinginformedandtrusting.Thesenotionsarerelatedtomoregeneralorganisationaldimensionsdescribingbehavioursanattitudes.CulturesareseenasbeingdefinedbytheirValues,theirBeliefs,theirCommonworkingPracticesandalsothewaysinwhichtheyrespondtounusualsituations.InaSafetyCulturetheseareallalignedtoensuresafeoperationeven,orespecially,whenhazardousoperationsareundertaken.TheevolutionaryframeworkofculturesfromthePathologicalandtheReactive,throughtheCalculativeorBureaucratictotheProactiveandGenerativeculturesaredescribed.TheGenerativecultureisequatedwiththeHighReliabilityOrganisationsidentifiedinstudiesofmilitaryandcivilhighriskoperations.Nextamodelisproposedforhowtochangeorganisationsinordertoacquireasafetyculture.Finallythebarrierstosuccessfulinterventionarediscussed.Theseincludethenatureofbureaucraticorganisations,theconflictinggoalsofregulators,failuresofmanagementandthefactthatchangeprocessesarehard.Introduction-WhySafetyCulture?Safetyisanubiquitousconcept.Insomeindustries,suchascommercialaviation,safetyissoembeddedintotheorganisationthatitcanbedifficulttoseejustwhatthegeneralconceptofsafetymeans,soIwanttostartbyexpandingthenotion.Mostpeopleseesafetyasconcernedprimarilywiththepersonalwell-beingofstakeholders,bywhichImeanallthoseinvolved,notjusttheimmediateactorsandowners.Somealsoaddtheintegrityofthebusinessanditsassets.Whilethesearenecessarypreconditions,Iviewsafety,andmorespecificallysafetymanagement,inamoreactiveway.Iseethecreationofasafeenvironmentasallowingdangerousactivitiestotakeplacesuccessfully,whichmeanswithoutharmordamage.Whatthismeansisthatsafetyismorethanapassiveandwell-meaningnotion,suchas"Thoushalldonoharm".Insteadsafetyissomethingthathastobeactivelymanagedtoallowprofitoradvantagetobegained.Theoilandgasindustryisonethatisnaturallydangerous-fireandexplosionarenaturalhazardsoftheproduct,massandpowerinherentinthemeansofproduction.Theaviationindustryisanother;flyingisthedefianceofgravityand,outsideoftheZeppelin,highspeedsarealsoinherent.Inboththesecases,aswellassimilarindustries,riskisthenameofthegame.Evenanapparentlysedentaryoccupation,suchasbanking,involvesriskandthepotentialformassiveloss.Thoseorganisationsthatmanagetheirrisksbestareinplacetomakethemostprofit.Thosethatdonotmana...
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