sustainabilityArticleRoadSafetyRiskAssessment:AnAnalysisofTransportPolicyandManagementforLow-,Middle-,andHigh-IncomeAsianCountriesSyyedAdnanRaheelShah1,2,NaveedAhmad1,YongjunShen3,*,AliPirdavani2,4ID,MuhammadAamirBasheer2andTomBrijs2ID1TaxilaInstituteofTransportationEngineering,DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofEngineering&Technology,Taxila47050,Pakistan;n.ahmad@uettaxila.edu.pk2TransportationResearchInstitute(IMOB),HasseltUniversity,Agoralaan,B-3590Diepenbeek,Belgium;ali.pirdavani@uhasselt.be(A.P.);aamirbashir50@yahoo.com(M.A.B.);tom.brijs@uhasselt.be(T.B.)3SchoolofTransportation,SoutheastUniversity,Sipailou2,Nanjing210096,China4FacultyofEngineeringTechnology,HasseltUniversity,Agoralaan,B-3590Diepenbeek,Belgium*Correspondence:syyed.adnanraheelshah@uhasselt.be;shenyongjun@seu.edu.cn;Tel.:+923007914248Received:18December2017;Accepted:22January2018;Published:2February2018Abstract:Roadsafetyassessmenthasplayedacrucialroleinthetheoryandpracticeoftransportmanagementsystems.ThispaperfocusesonriskevaluationintheAsianregionbyexploringtheinteractionbetweenroadsafetyriskandinfluencingfactors.Inthefirststage,adataenvelopmentanalysis(DEA)methodisappliedtocalculateandranktheroadsafetyrisklevelsofAsiancountries.Inthesecondstage,astructuralequationmodel(SEM)withlatentvariablesisappliedtoanalyzetheinteractionbetweentheroadsafetyrisklevelandthelatentvariables,measuredbysixobservedperformanceindicators,i.e.,financialimpact,institutionalframework,infrastructureandmobility,legislationandpolicy,vehicularroadusers,andtraumamanagement.Finally,thispaperillustratestheapplicabilityofthisDEA-SEMapproachforroadsafetyperformanceanalysis.Keywords:riskanalysis;safety;accidents;GIS;dataenvelopmentanalysis;structuralequationmodel1.IntroductionRoadtrafficaccidentsareoneofthemostcriticalproblemsforhumanlife.Despitewidespreadmeasuresbeingusedtocontrolandminimizethisproblem,roadtrafficaccidentsarefacingagrowingtrend,daybyday.AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)reportonroadsafetyfor2015,roadtrafficinjuriescausemorethan1.25milliondeathseachyearandhaveanenormouseffectonhumanlifeanddevelopment[1,2].Morespecifically,theseeventsarethemajorcauseofdeathamongyoungpeopleagedbetween15and29years[3].Thecostassociatedwithdeathsandinjuriesisapproximately3%oftheGDPinlow-andmiddle-incomecountries.Inspiteofthishugehumanandeconomicloss,actionstofightthisglobalchallengearestillinsufficient[4,5].Addressingthepreventableproblemofinadequateroadsafetyrequiresthededicatedactionofmultipleministries,mostnotablylaw,planning,transport,education,publicinformation,andhealth.Therangeofmeasurestoensureroadsafetyincludesimprovingthebuiltenvironment(e.g.,saferroaddesign,regulatingsidewalksandtrafficlights,introducingsafebicyclelanes),lawenforcementandeducationtoincreaseseatbeltuseandhelmetwearingwhilereducingspeedinganddrinkdriving,bettervehiclestandards,andimprovedpost-crashresponse.Roadsafetymeasuresthatprovidesafer,moresustainablepublictransportoptionsarealsoparticularlypromisingandcansupportsynergiesbetweenhealth,transportandcarbonemissionreductiontargets[6].Sustainability2018,10,389;doi:10.3390/su10020389www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainabilitySustainability2018,10,3892of30Economicdevelopment,ononeside,hasincreasedmotorizationallovertheworld,particularlyinlow-andmiddle-incomecountries[4].Theincreasednumberofmotorvehiclesrequire...
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