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OccupationalsafetyandhealthinthewindenergysectorEuropeanRiskObservatoryReportEuropeanAgencyforSafetyandHealthatWorkISSN:1831-9343Occupationalsafetyandhealthinthewindenergysector1EU-OSHA–EuropeanAgencyforSafetyandHealthatWorkContributorsBasedoninformationprovidedbytheTopicCentre—OccupationalSafetyandHealth(TC-OSH):JenniferWebster,Health&SafetyLaboratory,UnitedKingdomJoséMartinMiquelCabeças,DepartamentodeEngenhariaMecânicaeIndustrial,FaculdadedeCiênciaseTecnologiadaUniversidadeNovadeLisboa,PortugalKlausKuhl,KooperationsstelleHamburg,GermanyMarkLiddle,Health&SafetyLaboratory,UnitedKingdomPeterEllwood,Health&SafetyLaboratory,UnitedKingdomPhoebeSmith,Health&SafetyLaboratory,UnitedKingdomRoxaneGervais,Health&SafetyLaboratory,UnitedKingdom(TaskLeader)SamuelDylanBradbrook,Health&SafetyLaboratory,UnitedKingdomVirpiVäänänen,FinnishInstituteofOccupationalHealth,FinlandProjectmanagement:EmmanuelleBrun,AdrianSuarez—EuropeanAgencyforSafetyandHealthatWork(EU-OSHA)MoreinformationontheEuropeanUnionisavailableontheInternet(http://europa.eu).Cataloguingdatacanbefoundonthecoverofthispublication.Luxembourg:PublicationsOfficeoftheEuropeanUnionISBN:978-92-9240-277-8doi:10.2802/86555©EuropeanAgencyforSafetyandHealthatWork,2013Reproductionisauthorisedprovidedthesourceisacknowledged.Coverpictures2and3:©GeneralElectric.Picturesfilesonpages7,9,18,37,40and46licensedundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlike2.0Genericlicense.EuropeDirectisaservicetohelpyoufindanswerstoyourquestionsabouttheEuropeanUnionFreephonenumber(*):0080067891011(*)Certainmobiletelephoneoperatorsdonotallowaccessto00800numbers,orthesecallsmaybebilled.Occupationalsafetyandhealthinthewindenergysector2EU-OSHA–EuropeanAgencyforSafetyandHealthatWorkTableofcontentsListoftablesandfigures.........................................................................................................................3Abbreviations..........................................................................................................................................41Introduction..................................................................................................................................61.1EUpolicyregardingwindenergy.................................................................................................71.2ThepresentsituationandfutureofwindenergyinEurope.........................................................71.3Windenergyturbines—onshoreandoffshore...........................................................................92Method.......................................................................................................................................123GeneralOSHchallengesinthewindenergysector..................................................................143.1Skillsshortage...........................................................................................................................153.2Proceduresandstandards.........................................................................................................163.3Genderaspectsinthewindenergysector................................................................................193.4Theageingworkforce................................................................................................................203.5Workorg...